The Positivism And Interpretivism Philosophy Essay

The Positivism And Interpretivism Philosophy Essay The book of Business Research Methods gives me guidance for how to do business studies and how to carry out research project. In the first part of the book tells me the relationship between theory and research, in the detail its a explain of how to combine the theory and research during the business studies process. (Page: 4) 1a. What is meant by epistemological considerations? Epistemological concerns the study of knowledge and what constitutes acceptable knowledge in a field of study? Epistemology is a kind of using the same principles, procedures, and ethos as the natural sciences study to explore the nature of human knowledge, structure, the relationship of recognizing the objective reality, the premise and basis of knowledge. The position that affirms the importance of imitating the natural sciences is invariably associated with an epistemological position known as positivism. (Page: 15) 1b. Explain in concrete terms the differences between the so-called positivism and interpretivism? Positivism: (Page: 15-1.7) Positivism is a kind way of epistemological position that claims to use the natural sciences methods to study and beyond of reality society. In the book, there are some principles of using positivism. Positivisms principles: 1. Only phenomena and hence knowledge confirmed by the senses can genuinely be warranted as knowledge (the principle of phenomenalism). 2. The purpose of theory is to generate hypotheses that can be tested and that will thereby allow explanations of laws to be assessed (the principle of phenomenalism). 3. Knowledge is arrived at through the gathering of facts that provide the basis for laws (the principle of phenomenalism). 4. Science must (and presumably can) be conducted in a way that is value free (that is, objective). 5. There is a clear distinction between scientific statements and normative statements and belief that the former are the true domain of scientist. This last principle is implied by the first because the truth or otherwise of normative statements cannot confirmed by the senses. Interpretivism: (Page: 16) Interpretivism is a term given to a contrasting epistemology to positivism. It is necessary for the research to understand differences between humans in our role as social actors. There are differences between conducting research among people rather than physical objects. To enter the social world of our research subjects, understand their world from their point of view. (Page: 16) Interpretivism arose as scientists felt that human beings were not puppets to react to stimuli in a prescribed manner. They were active and purposeful and can respond to stimuli in different ways depending upon their interpretation. Interpretivists describe human beings as having intent and the power to interpret;they say that human beings have the capability to construct their surroundings rather than being a mere spectators to what is happening around them. These scientists stressed the thinking, intentions and behaviors of human beings more than positivists thereby drawing conclusions that were more realistic and perhaps more valid also. Interpretivists talk about shared consciousness as the brain behind many of the concepts in a society. 2a. What is meant by ontological considerations? Ontological considerations: (Page: 20) Questions of social ontology are concerns with the view on nature of reality, the study of nature of existence. The core question of this part is whether the social entity can and should be considered objective entities which have the truth external to social actors, or whether they can and should be considered social constructions built up from the perceptions and actions of social actors. (Bryman 2004: 16) These positions are frequently referred to respectively as objectivism and constructionism. 2b. Explain in concrete terms the differences between objectivism and constructionism? Objectivism: (Page: 21 1.13) Objectivism is an ontological position that asserts that social phenomena and their meanings have an existence that is independent of social actors. It implies that social phenomena and the categories that we use in everyday discourse have an existence that is independent or separate from actors. Constructionism: (Page: 22 1.14) Constructionism is an ontological position (often also referred to as constructivism) which asserts that social phenomena and their meanings are continually being accomplished by social actors. It implies that social phenomena and categories are not only produced through social interaction but that they are in a constant state of revision. Objectivism and constructivism is diametrically opposite assumptions about reality, mind, thought, meaning and symbolism. The objective belief is that the world is real. The reality is the external awareness. Since it is sees the world as real it assumes that learners have the same understanding of this reality. The reality can be structured model to guide a learner. Constructivist perspective requires learners to create their own reality based on his experiences and views. The constructivist point that not a reality. Because the reality is a product of personal views and experiences are unique individuals many reality can exist. The objectivism think the role of the mind as a processor of abstract symbols thought of as symbols of the builders of the Constructivist perspectives. Objectivism sees the role of the mind as a processor of abstract symbols while constructivism views the mind as a builder of symbols. Relationship of epistemology and ontology to business research (Page: 23) Every science has its own ontology, epistemology and consequently its own methodologies. So when the business research Ontology defines the fundamental categories of reality. Domain ontology as distinct from formal ontology is related to focus of study. Each research field has its own ontology. Epistemology defines how we can know and reason that reality. The methodologies of each of these two scientists have followed as different systems of investigative techniques within their focus of study. They use different scientific methods studying different domains with different epistemology and ontology.

I Have a Dream by Martin Luther King Essay

â€Å"I have a dream† was a speech delivered on August 28, 1963 by Martin Luther King in Lincoln Memorial Washington D. C. Martin Luther King’s role or position in his speech is that of an illustrator, or a mediator of peace and equality. He becomes one of those people who have seen the light and wanted to share this light to those other individuals who are still in the dark. He wanted or dreamed of a community wherein racial discrimination is no longer an issue. His ideal community is where everybody is free, no biases for either black or white people nor black or white community. He is in a position as to persuade the people to become more vigilant in watching their freedom and in receiving or wanting equality and justice. He also wanted each and every people to understand that one’s freedom or destiny is bound to the other. Because of this, he wanted everybody to properly exercise civil rights and must not prevent people from using this privilege. Generally, the intended audience of the speech is the black people, and also those who are not such as the white people, but are living with black people or in black communities. However, everybody can read or listen to his speech or statement because of the underlying principles included in his speech and his dreams or ideals can be utilized or preferred as a model for civil rights. â€Å"I have a dream† greatly inspires and effectively infuses its point of view to its audience, transforming dreams into reality and despair into hope; we dream of being free, and we become free because of this dream. Martin Luther King was prompted to write or make the statement or speech because of the continuing slavery that entangles each and every people, especially for the black people or communities. In addition to this, the belief and treatment or actions of the black people against the white people had alarmed the author to write or make this speech to the public. According to Martin Luther King, the slavery of the black people may have been released or abolished because of the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation. However, nowadays or 100 years later, this freedom from slavery is still ambiguous and it does not exist. In addition to this, Martin Luther King believes that there are still a lot of people who are experiencing police brutality and social discrimination. In addition to this, he thinks that the rights and privileges which were given to the people, especially the black people, is not properly implemented or received by the black communities. Martin Luther King takes on the affirmative side or in favor for equality amongst the black people and also the white people. He clearly shows or supports his stand through several examples and emphasis on his words or statements. Martin Luther King claims that every individual should learn to respect and give what is right to their neighbors. He is aware that there are people who are still suffering beyond the hands of law. He reasons this out by giving examples of those who were misunderstood, brutally beaten indiscriminately and provides logic as to why dreaming is an important part in one’s body. Martin Luther King is qualified to be a speaker or author of such paper because of his records and performance not only as a politician but also an individual who greatly cares for justice and freedom. I believe that the assumptions, ideas or claims of Martin Luther King are correct and good, with some deviances especially through the use of audio, video or format or instructions at more school. He was able to provide examples of real life situations where the civil rights of an individual becomes hindered. In addition to this, the audio and video formats are very much entertaining and at the same time, inform the audience of the predicaments of equality or justice in nations or communities. However, there are some claims or dreams which are somehow impossible to attain such as complete equality and freedom from prejudice from all countries or states. Being able to read Martin Luther King’s work, my perspective before to ignore claims and evidences and become settled in what the community gives me, had greatly changed. As such, the degree of my trust towards Martin Luther King did increase due to his great speech which is definitely eye-opening. The author has refutations that include the fulfillment of his dream or conditions in order to achieve a country, state or community. He also refutes the fact that freedom is already complete. The refutations made by Martin Luther King are really effective. In addition to this, he uses great emphasis on his words and greatly touches the sympathy of those who are listening to his speech. He was able to clearly state his dreams, one after the other and manage to state options or categories which would fulfill his dreams. His last statement â€Å"Free at last! Free at last! † gives hopes and restore the faith which people have for change and better living. As an individual who had already received the light from Martin Luther King, my desire for helping other people and providing equality or non-biased reactions had increased. My hopes for a better communication and media for spreading the word of the real scenario on freedom and equality also increased because of the persuasive message or speech delivered by Martin Luther King, Somehow, a part of me already wants to do something in order to help and at least be able to create balance within communities. In addition to this, his metaphor of a ring, representing one goal, and fingers representing the people, is really amazing and in reality lightens my belief. I thought that we are already saved, but the paper of Martin Luther King had taught me well. Works Cited Jr. , Dr. Martin Luther King. â€Å"American Rhetric: Martin Luther King Jr. : I Have a Dream. † Atlanta, 2008. February 11, 2008. Intellectual Properties Management. .

The Great Gatsby Comparison

Throughout the winding plots of love triangles in both The Great Gatsby and The Sun Also Rises, Lady Brett Ashley and Daisy Buchanan play strikingly similar and diverse roles. While the two novels engage towards the same theme of the American Dream and the Lost Generation, they also follow drama induced romances around the two idolized women who create each main conflict. The many lovebirds that mindlessly trail their woman of their dreams eventually run into sticky situations and character fallout.Although this situation occurs in both The Great Gatsby and The Sun Also Rises, the individualities and characteristics of Lady Brett Ashley and Daisy Buchanan differ in their own enchanting way. Daisy Buchanan from The Great Gatsby written by F. Scott Fitzgerald and Lady Brett Ashley in The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway are similar in the sense that they are both the main motives in each novel and mutually cheat on their partners, but also contrast in which Brett holds emasculation o ver the men in the story while Daisy remains more socially conservative.The building of the plot in both novels depends on the two main women who warp the lives of each character they come in contact with. In The Great Gatsby, Daisy is the main motive for Gatsby as he consistently does all he can to win her devotional love. Nick advises Gatsby to go away in order to avoid trouble with Myrtle’s death, but he refuses, as he â€Å"couldn’t possibly leave Daisy until he knew what she was going to do† (Fitzgerald 148).

Basic Science Facts Quiz